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×Backun v. United States
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit | 112 F.2d 635 (1940)
Any individual who aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures the commission of an offense is guilty as a principal to the crime.
Billingslea v. State
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas | 780 S.W.2d 271 (1989)
An individual can only be charged with a crime for failing to act when she has either a statutory duty to act or has assumed such a duty voluntarily.
Braverman v. United States
United States Supreme Court | 317 U.S. 49 (1942)
A single agreement to commit multiple crimes cannot be punished as multiple conspiracies.
Bryan v. United States
United States Supreme Court | 524 U.S. 184 (1998)
An individual “willfully” commits a crime if he acts with the knowledge that his actions are unlawful.
Carter v. United States
United States Supreme Court | 530 U.S. 255 (2000)
Under Schmuck v. United States (1989), the jury may be instructed on and an individual may be found guilty of a lesser offense than the charged offense as long as the elements of the lesser offense are a subset of the elements of the charged offense.
City of Auburn v. Hedlund
Supreme Court of Washington | 201 P.3d 315 (2009)
Under Washington law, a person cannot be an accomplice to a crime of which that person was a victim.
Commonwealth v. Markum
Superior Court of Pennsylvania | 541 A.2d 347 (1988)
In Pennsylvania, justification can be a defense to the commission of a crime if the harm or evil sought to be avoided by such conduct is greater than that sought to be prevented by the law.
Director of Public Prosecutions v. Majewski
House of Lords | 2 All E.R. 142 (1976)
Voluntary intoxication is generally not a defense to the commission of a crime or tort unless the crime or tort requires specific intent.
Foucha v. Louisiana
United States Supreme Court | 504 U.S. 71 (1992)
An individual institutionalized because he pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity may be institutionalized by the state until he has shown to the satisfaction of the court that he is sane and is no longer a danger to society.
Freddo v. State
Tennessee Supreme Court | 155 S.W. 170 (1913)
Killing an individual in the heat of passion is voluntary manslaughter rather than murder, and the sufficiency of the provocation is judged by how an average individual would react to the circumstances.
Godfrey v. Georgia
United States Supreme Court | 446 U.S. 420 (1980)
The death penalty may only be enforced if the state statute permitting it is narrowly tailored enough to prevent the penalty from being wielded against some and not against others based on arbitrary and emotionally injected measures.
Holloway v. United States
United States Supreme Court | 526 U.S. 1 (1999)
When a statute contains an element of intent, an individual must have that requisite intent during the commission of the crime in order to be convicted under the statute.
In re D.F.B.
Minnesota Supreme Court | 433 N.W.2d 79 (1988)
In Minnesota, a juvenile is to be charged as a juvenile unless he cannot be rehabilitated properly before his nineteenth birthday or he poses a threat to the public safety, and the state must demonstrate this by clear and convincing evidence.
In re Dahl
Minnesota Supreme Court | 278 N.W.2d 316 (1979)
In Minnesota, a person under the age of eighteen is to be charged as a juvenile unless he cannot be rehabilitated properly before his nineteenth birthday or he poses a threat to the public safety, and the state must demonstrate this by clear and convincing evidence.
In re Tyvonne
Connecticut Supreme Court | 558 A.2d 661 (1989)
The common law defense of infancy only applies to criminal proceedings where the defendant is being charged as an adult because juvenile delinquency is a statutory creation and not a common law concept.
Kansas v. Crane
United States Supreme Court | 534 U.S. 407 (2002)
An individual may be civilly committed if he demonstrates dangerous behavior that he is unable to control and that threatens public safety.
Kolender v. Lawson
United States Supreme Court | 461 U.S. 352 (1983)
A criminal statute is constitutional only if it can be fairly enforced and if it gives individuals fair and adequate notice of the type of conduct prohibited by the statute.
Neelley v. State
Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama | 494 So.2d 669 (1985)
The death penalty may be imposed in a capital murder case when aggravating circumstances exist that demonstrate the individual’s wanton disregard for the value of human life, and are not outweighed by other mitigating circumstances.
People v. Bowen and Rouse
Michigan Court of Appeals | 158 N.W.2d 794 (1968)
An individual can be charged with the attempt to commit a crime if he has the intent to commit the crime and takes an overt act toward the commission of that crime that goes beyond mere preparation.
People v. Burleson
Fourth Circuit Appellate Court of Illinois | 365 N.E.2d 1162 (1977)
An individual can be convicted of multiple counts of conspiracy if he has entered into multiple agreements to commit crimes and has committed substantial acts in furtherance of each separate agreement, but cannot commit both conspiracy and attempt because conspiracy is a lesser included offense of attempt.
