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1What is personal jurisdiction?
What is personal jurisdiction?2What is in personam jurisdiction?
What is in personam jurisdiction?3What is general personal jurisdiction?
What is general personal jurisdiction?4What is specific personal jurisdiction?
What is specific personal jurisdiction?5What is transient jurisdiction?
What is transient jurisdiction?6In general, under what circumstances does a court have in rem or quasi in rem jurisdiction over particular property?
In general, under what circumstances does a court have in rem or quasi in rem jurisdiction over particular property?7What is jurisdiction in rem?
What is jurisdiction in rem?8Does a court exercising solely in rem jurisdiction have authority to determine personal rights unrelated to the subject property?
Does a court exercising solely in rem jurisdiction have authority to determine personal rights unrelated to the subject property?9In general, what is jurisdiction quasi in rem?
In general, what is jurisdiction quasi in rem?10What is a type 1 quasi-in-rem action?
What is a type 1 quasi-in-rem action?11What is a type 2 quasi in rem action?
What is a type 2 quasi in rem action?12For many years, a divorced Navy veteran directed the Navy paymaster in State A to send a portion of his military pension directly to his ex-wife, t...
For many years, a divorced Navy veteran directed the Navy paymaster in State A to send a portion of his military pension directly to his ex-wife, to support her and their minor children. The ex-wife lived in State B for a number of years, but recently moved to State C. The veteran instructed the Navy to discontinue the payments to his ex-wife. The ex-wife brought a lawsuit in State C family court, asking for an order directing the Navy to resume sending a portion of the pension to her. The veteran moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The State C court lacks personal jurisdiction over the veteran. Does the State C court have jurisdiction quasi in rem over the military pension?13If all federal constitutional requirements for personal jurisdiction are satisfied, is that alone enough for a court to exercise personal jurisdict...
If all federal constitutional requirements for personal jurisdiction are satisfied, is that alone enough for a court to exercise personal jurisdiction?14In the broadest possible terms, for a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, what two requirements must be satisfied?
In the broadest possible terms, for a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, what two requirements must be satisfied?15The owner of a parcel of land entered into a contract to sell it to a buyer. The buyer paid the purchase price, but the owner refused to deliver th...
The owner of a parcel of land entered into a contract to sell it to a buyer. The buyer paid the purchase price, but the owner refused to deliver the deed. In the state where the parcel of land was located, the buyer sued for specific performance of the sale contract. This remedy would compel the owner to transfer title of the land to the buyer in exchange for the agreed purchase price. The state has enacted a statute permitting courts to grant specific performance in cases with facts like these. If the owner of the land is not otherwise subject to personal jurisdiction in the state where the land is located, may the courts of the state grant specific performance?16What is a long-arm statute?
What is a long-arm statute?17Is there a general federal long-arm statute?
Is there a general federal long-arm statute?18Upon what five general bases do the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit the federal district courts to exercise personal jurisdiction?
Upon what five general bases do the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit the federal district courts to exercise personal jurisdiction?19What are the general bases for a state to exercise some form of personal jurisdiction over an individual?
What are the general bases for a state to exercise some form of personal jurisdiction over an individual?20Is consent or waiver a valid statutory and constitutional basis for personal jurisdiction?
Is consent or waiver a valid statutory and constitutional basis for personal jurisdiction?21In general, does a plaintiff consent to a court’s personal jurisdiction by filing suit in that court?
In general, does a plaintiff consent to a court’s personal jurisdiction by filing suit in that court?22What is a general appearance?
What is a general appearance?23What is a special appearance?
What is a special appearance?24Under the Constitution, may a court impose waiver of objection to personal jurisdiction as a sanction for misconduct?
Under the Constitution, may a court impose waiver of objection to personal jurisdiction as a sanction for misconduct?25In general, do state courts hold that service on an out-of-state corporation’s registered agent for service of process establishes consent to speci...
In general, do state courts hold that service on an out-of-state corporation’s registered agent for service of process establishes consent to specific jurisdiction over the corporation?26A student was born in State A, where she lived with her parents throughout her childhood. On her eighteenth birthday, she moved to State B to atten...
A student was born in State A, where she lived with her parents throughout her childhood. On her eighteenth birthday, she moved to State B to attend college. Although the student lived in State B during the school year, she spent her summers in State A and always planned to return to State A after graduating. She thus remained domiciled in State A. When the student was in her final year of college in State B, a plaintiff sued her in State B state court. The student was properly and personally served with notice while in State B and given an opportunity to be heard. State law would permit personal jurisdiction over the student in this situation. May the courts of State B assert personal jurisdiction over the student, even though State A has always been her domicile?27An employee entered into a contract with an employer in which the employee agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of State A. In State ...
An employee entered into a contract with an employer in which the employee agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of State A. In State A’s courts, the employer later sues the employee for breach of the contract. The employee had never been to State A, owned no property in State A, and had no connection to State A apart from the contractual provision. Assuming the employee was properly served with notice and given an opportunity to be heard, may the courts of State A assert personal jurisdiction over the employee?28If an individual designates an agent upon whom service of process may be made in a state, is service of process on that agent sufficient for the st...
If an individual designates an agent upon whom service of process may be made in a state, is service of process on that agent sufficient for the state's courts to assert personal jurisdiction over the individual?29A plaintiff brought a lawsuit in the courts of a state with which he lacked minimum contacts. The defendant, in turn, asserted a counterclaim again...
A plaintiff brought a lawsuit in the courts of a state with which he lacked minimum contacts. The defendant, in turn, asserted a counterclaim against the plaintiff; the counterclaim was unrelated to the original lawsuit. May the court assert personal jurisdiction over the plaintiff with respect to the counterclaim?30A professional archer lived in State A. While hunting in State A, near the border of neighboring State B, the archer shot an arrow. The arrow flew ...
A professional archer lived in State A. While hunting in State A, near the border of neighboring State B, the archer shot an arrow. The arrow flew into State B and punctured a car tire. The car’s owner filed a tort suit against the archer in State B’s courts. Apart from shooting the arrow across the border, the archer had no connections to State B. The archer was properly served with notice and given an opportunity to be heard. May the courts of State B assert personal jurisdiction over the archer in the owner’s tort suit?31A businessman did some business in State A, but the nature of his business in State A was not continuous and systematic. The businessman’s only con...
A businessman did some business in State A, but the nature of his business in State A was not continuous and systematic. The businessman’s only contacts with State A were those concerning the business. A plaintiff sued the businessman in the courts of State A; the claim did not arise from the businessman’s business in State A. May the courts of State A assert personal jurisdiction over the businessman?32For a judgment against a party to be valid, does due process require that the party have received reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard?
For a judgment against a party to be valid, does due process require that the party have received reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard?33If the basis for the court’s personal jurisdiction is solely in rem or quasi-in-rem, must the defendant receive reasonable notice and an opportunit...
If the basis for the court’s personal jurisdiction is solely in rem or quasi-in-rem, must the defendant receive reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard?34For due-process purposes, what is generally required for notice to be reasonable?
For due-process purposes, what is generally required for notice to be reasonable?35What is the preferred method to provide defendants notice of lawsuits filed against them?
What is the preferred method to provide defendants notice of lawsuits filed against them?36In general, does notice by publication constitute reasonable notice for due-process purposes?
In general, does notice by publication constitute reasonable notice for due-process purposes?37In federal civil proceedings, who may serve process?
In federal civil proceedings, who may serve process?38In federal civil proceedings, what are the proper ways to serve process on an individual in the United States?
In federal civil proceedings, what are the proper ways to serve process on an individual in the United States?39In federal civil proceedings, what are the proper ways to serve process on a corporation in the United States?
In federal civil proceedings, what are the proper ways to serve process on a corporation in the United States?40In federal civil proceedings, what are the proper ways to serve process on a defendant outside the United States?
In federal civil proceedings, what are the proper ways to serve process on a defendant outside the United States?41In federal civil proceedings, within what timeframe must the plaintiff serve the defendant with process?
In federal civil proceedings, within what timeframe must the plaintiff serve the defendant with process?42For due-process purposes, does proper and successful service of process constitute reasonable notice?
For due-process purposes, does proper and successful service of process constitute reasonable notice?43As a matter of due process, if a defendant receives notice of a proceeding in too short a time to prepare a case, does that constitute an adequate ...
As a matter of due process, if a defendant receives notice of a proceeding in too short a time to prepare a case, does that constitute an adequate opportunity to be heard?44In general, what is the due-process test to determine whether specific notice procedures provided a defendant an adequate opportunity to be heard?
In general, what is the due-process test to determine whether specific notice procedures provided a defendant an adequate opportunity to be heard?45What is a temporary restraining order (TRO)?
What is a temporary restraining order (TRO)?46Does constitutional due process permit a court to issue a temporary restraining order without notice to the affected party?
Does constitutional due process permit a court to issue a temporary restraining order without notice to the affected party?47A plaintiff sued a defendant in state court. The defendant resided in the state but was traveling out of the state when the plaintiff brought suit....
A plaintiff sued a defendant in state court. The defendant resided in the state but was traveling out of the state when the plaintiff brought suit. The state’s law authorized service by registered mail to a competent adult at the defendant’s home address. The plaintiff sent a summons to the defendant’s home address by registered mail. The defendant’s husband signed the form acknowledging receipt of the summons. He forgot, however, to tell the defendant about the summons. The plaintiff subsequently won a default judgment against the defendant, who never appeared to defend the case. Is this judgment invalid for lack of proper notice?48A plaintiff sued a defendant in state court. The defendant had no known address and took extensive steps to hide from the process servers the plain...
A plaintiff sued a defendant in state court. The defendant had no known address and took extensive steps to hide from the process servers the plaintiff hired. Despite their efforts, the process servers could not locate the defendant. A state statute authorized plaintiffs to serve notice by publication upon defendants who took active steps to conceal themselves from process servers. The plaintiff published notice in a newspaper of general circulation, which satisfied the statute. Subsequently, the plaintiff obtained a default judgment against the defendant, who never appeared in the case. Is the judgment void for lack of due process?49A plaintiff sued a defendant in state court in State A. On January 3, the defendant was personally served with a summons while at his home in State...
A plaintiff sued a defendant in state court in State A. On January 3, the defendant was personally served with a summons while at his home in State B, which was very far from State A. Before service, the defendant had no notice of the case. On January 4, the State A court entered a default judgment against the defendant. Is the State A judgment void for lack of due process?50What is a forum-selection clause?
What is a forum-selection clause?51What is an exclusive forum-selection clause?
What is an exclusive forum-selection clause?52What is a nonexclusive forum-selection clause?
What is a nonexclusive forum-selection clause?53In what circumstances will the courts refuse to enforce an exclusive forum-selection clause?
In what circumstances will the courts refuse to enforce an exclusive forum-selection clause?54Can contracting parties use a forum-selection clause to confer subject-matter jurisdiction on a court that otherwise lacks it?
Can contracting parties use a forum-selection clause to confer subject-matter jurisdiction on a court that otherwise lacks it?55If a court concludes that an exclusive forum-selection clause selecting a court in a different state is enforceable, what action will it take?
If a court concludes that an exclusive forum-selection clause selecting a court in a different state is enforceable, what action will it take?56An oil company headquartered in the United States entered into a contract with a shipping company headquartered in a foreign country to transport a...
An oil company headquartered in the United States entered into a contract with a shipping company headquartered in a foreign country to transport an oil rig from the U.S. to the foreign country. The contract contained an exclusive forum-selection clause stating that all disputes relating to the agreement must be resolved in City A. The ship transporting the oil rig was damaged in a storm and made port in a U.S. state. The oil company sued the shipping company in that state, alleging breach of contract. The shipping company, citing the exclusive forum-selection clause, moved to dismiss the suit, because it should have been brought in City A. Will the court dismiss the case in favor of the City A forum?57A man who was a resident of State A bought tickets for a cruise from a company headquartered in State B. The back of the man’s ticket contained a l...
A man who was a resident of State A bought tickets for a cruise from a company headquartered in State B. The back of the man’s ticket contained a list of terms and conditions. One term, an exclusive forum-selection clause, stipulated that any disputes arising out of the man’s and the company’s contractual relationship must be resolved in State B courts. While on the cruise, the man suffered an injury. The man sued the company in State A. The company, citing the exclusive forum-selection clause, moved to dismiss the suit, because it should have been brought in State B. Will the court dismiss the case in favor of a State B forum?58A seller entered into a contract with a buyer. The contract contained this clause: “The parties consent to jurisdiction in State A, and any dispute...
A seller entered into a contract with a buyer. The contract contained this clause: “The parties consent to jurisdiction in State A, and any disputes arising out of the contract may be litigated in State A.” In State B’s courts, the buyer sued the seller for breach of the contract. The seller, citing the clause, moved to dismiss the suit, claiming it should have been brought in State A. Will the State B court dismiss the case in favor of a State A forum?59Will courts generally exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant if that jurisdiction has been obtained by fraud?
Will courts generally exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant if that jurisdiction has been obtained by fraud?60Will a court exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant if that jurisdiction has been obtained by unlawful force?
Will a court exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant if that jurisdiction has been obtained by unlawful force?61Under what circumstances will a court decline to exercise in-rem jurisdiction or quasi-in-rem jurisdiction over personal property?
Under what circumstances will a court decline to exercise in-rem jurisdiction or quasi-in-rem jurisdiction over personal property?62Will a court exercise personal jurisdiction over foreign diplomats or heads of state if customary international law or a treaty forbids the exercis...
Will a court exercise personal jurisdiction over foreign diplomats or heads of state if customary international law or a treaty forbids the exercise of that jurisdiction?63Will a court exercise personal jurisdiction over a witness or a lawyer if that individual has been granted immunity from service of process in the ...
Will a court exercise personal jurisdiction over a witness or a lawyer if that individual has been granted immunity from service of process in the forum state to facilitate participation in a judicial proceeding?64A plaintiff wished to sue a defendant in the courts of State A. The defendant was a resident of State B. The plaintiff knew of an awards banquet to...
A plaintiff wished to sue a defendant in the courts of State A. The defendant was a resident of State B. The plaintiff knew of an awards banquet to be held in State A. To lure the defendant to State A, the plaintiff phoned the defendant and falsely stated that the defendant was to be given an award at the banquet. The defendant had not been planning to attend the banquet, but changed his mind after receiving the plaintiff’s call. When the defendant traveled to State A to attend the banquet, the plaintiff served him with process. Will the courts of State A exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant?65A plaintiff wished to sue a defendant in the courts of State A. The defendant was a resident of State B. The plaintiff drove to the defendant’s hou...
A plaintiff wished to sue a defendant in the courts of State A. The defendant was a resident of State B. The plaintiff drove to the defendant’s house in State B and unlawfully forced the defendant into a car at gunpoint. The plaintiff then drove the defendant to State A and served him with process there. Will the courts of State A exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant?66A plaintiff wished to sue a defendant in the courts of State A. The defendant resided in State B. To establish personal jurisdiction in State A, th...
A plaintiff wished to sue a defendant in the courts of State A. The defendant resided in State B. To establish personal jurisdiction in State A, the plaintiff telephoned the defendant and falsely stated that the defendant’s mother had been injured in a car accident in State A. The defendant rushed to State A to be by her mother’s side, but quickly ascertained that there had been no car accident. Even so, she decided to stay in State A for a few weeks. A week after the defendant arrived in State A, the plaintiff served her with process there. Will the courts of State A exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant?67What is forum non conveniens?
What is forum non conveniens?68In general, will federal courts invoke the doctrine of forum non conveniens if the alternative forum is a court in the United States?
In general, will federal courts invoke the doctrine of forum non conveniens if the alternative forum is a court in the United States?69What are the three steps in a forum non conveniens analysis?
What are the three steps in a forum non conveniens analysis?70What four factors influence the weight a court accords to a plaintiff's choice of forum in a forum non conveniens analysis?
What four factors influence the weight a court accords to a plaintiff's choice of forum in a forum non conveniens analysis?71Under what circumstances is an alternative forum generally adequate, for purposes of a forum non conveniens analysis?
Under what circumstances is an alternative forum generally adequate, for purposes of a forum non conveniens analysis?72What five private interests of the litigants must a court weigh in deciding whether to dismiss a case on the basis of forum non conveniens?
What five private interests of the litigants must a court weigh in deciding whether to dismiss a case on the basis of forum non conveniens?73What five public-interest factors must a court weigh in deciding whether to dismiss a case on the basis of forum non conveniens?
What five public-interest factors must a court weigh in deciding whether to dismiss a case on the basis of forum non conveniens?74What is the procedural result if a court decides to apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens?
What is the procedural result if a court decides to apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens?75If a court decides to dismiss a case on forum non conveniens grounds, may it attach conditions to the dismissal?
If a court decides to dismiss a case on forum non conveniens grounds, may it attach conditions to the dismissal?76Can a state court invoke forum non conveniens to dismiss a case in favor of the courts of another state, a territory, or a foreign country?
Can a state court invoke forum non conveniens to dismiss a case in favor of the courts of another state, a territory, or a foreign country?77If the plaintiff and defendant have entered into a valid, exclusive forum-selection clause, will the plaintiff's choice of forum receive any defere...
If the plaintiff and defendant have entered into a valid, exclusive forum-selection clause, will the plaintiff's choice of forum receive any deference in a forum non conveniens analysis?78Due to the defendant’s negligence, the plaintiff’s warehouse in a foreign country was destroyed in a fire. The defendant was a corporation located ...
Due to the defendant’s negligence, the plaintiff’s warehouse in a foreign country was destroyed in a fire. The defendant was a corporation located in a U.S. state. The plaintiff sued in in U.S. federal district court. The defendant moved to dismiss on forum non conveniens grounds, arguing that even though the U.S. court in which the suit was filed had jurisdiction, and venue was proper, the foreign country was a far superior forum, as the events giving rise to the lawsuit took place in that country. The defendant also stipulated that it would submit to personal jurisdiction in the foreign country. The foreign country’s courts would have subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute. Do the facts support the defendant’s motion to dismiss the case on forum non conveniens grounds?79A company headquartered in a U.S. state manufactured planes. One of its planes crashed in a foreign country, killing everyone aboard. All victims w...
A company headquartered in a U.S. state manufactured planes. One of its planes crashed in a foreign country, killing everyone aboard. All victims were citizens of the foreign country. The victims’ estates sued in federal district court in the state where the company was headquartered, because that state’s law offered them a better chance at a meaningful recovery than their country’s law. The company moved to dismiss on forum non conveniens grounds, arguing that the state was an inconvenient forum, so the suit should be heard in the foreign country. It rightly pointed out that the country’s courts would have both subject-matter jurisdiction over the suit and personal jurisdiction over the defendant, and they would afford a meaningful chance at redress. Would the foreign country likely be an adequate alternative forum, for purposes of the motion?80Which provisions in the U.S. Constitution limit courts’ ability to exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants?
Which provisions in the U.S. Constitution limit courts’ ability to exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants?81May a state statute or constitution extend state courts’ personal jurisdiction beyond the limits imposed by the U.S. Constitution?
May a state statute or constitution extend state courts’ personal jurisdiction beyond the limits imposed by the U.S. Constitution?82Under what circumstances may a state court assert general jurisdiction over a defendant, consistent with the federal Constitution?
Under what circumstances may a state court assert general jurisdiction over a defendant, consistent with the federal Constitution?83In which state or states is a natural person always subject to general jurisdiction?
In which state or states is a natural person always subject to general jurisdiction?84Where is a corporation always subject to general jurisdiction?
Where is a corporation always subject to general jurisdiction?85A company was incorporated under the laws of a foreign country. A military occupation brought the company’s business in the country to a halt. The ...
A company was incorporated under the laws of a foreign country. A military occupation brought the company’s business in the country to a halt. The company’s president returned to his home in State A. There, he set up an office where he kept the company files, carried on correspondence relating to the business, drew and distributed salary checks on behalf of the company, used and maintained company bank accounts, and held director meetings. A plaintiff who was not a resident of State A sued the company in State A state court for unpaid dividends. May State A’s courts assert general jurisdiction over the company?86A firm was incorporated and had its principal place of business in a foreign country. The firm entered into a contract with a company headquartered...
A firm was incorporated and had its principal place of business in a foreign country. The firm entered into a contract with a company headquartered in State A to provide helicopter transportation for the company’s employees in the foreign country. One of the firm’s helicopters crashed, killing the passengers. The deceased passengers were domiciled in State A. The passengers’ relatives brought a wrongful-death suit against the firm in State A. The firm’s only contacts with the state consisted of (1) sending its chief executive to State A to negotiate the contract; (2) accepting checks drawn on a bank located in State A; and (3) purchasing helicopters from a company in State A. May the courts in State A assert general jurisdiction over the firm?87A tire company was incorporated and headquartered in a foreign country. It sold tires exclusively to customers in the foreign country. A bus outfit...
A tire company was incorporated and headquartered in a foreign country. It sold tires exclusively to customers in the foreign country. A bus outfitted with the company’s tires crashed in the foreign country, killing a boy who resided in a U.S. state. The boy’s family brought a wrongful-death suit against the company in their home state’s courts. May the state’s courts assert general jurisdiction over the company?88What are the two federal constitutional requirements to establish specific jurisdiction?
What are the two federal constitutional requirements to establish specific jurisdiction?89In general, what does the minimum-contacts test for specific jurisdiction require?
In general, what does the minimum-contacts test for specific jurisdiction require?90For a contact between the defendant and the forum state to be relevant to the minimum-contacts test for specific jurisdiction, what two requirement...
For a contact between the defendant and the forum state to be relevant to the minimum-contacts test for specific jurisdiction, what two requirements must it meet?91In general, what does it mean to say that specific jurisdiction would not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice?
In general, what does it mean to say that specific jurisdiction would not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice?92What does the Constitution require to establish specific jurisdiction over a defendant who is not subject to personal jurisdiction in any particula...
What does the Constitution require to establish specific jurisdiction over a defendant who is not subject to personal jurisdiction in any particular state?93A woman residing in State A was involved in a traffic accident while driving through State B. Her car caught fire, causing serious injuries. In the...
A woman residing in State A was involved in a traffic accident while driving through State B. Her car caught fire, causing serious injuries. In the State B courts, the woman brought a products-liability suit against the State A-based automobile dealership that sold her the car. The dealership did not sell cars, perform services, solicit business, or advertise in State B, nor had it ever done so. Do sufficient minimum contacts exist for the State B court to exercise personal jurisdiction over the dealership?94A franchisor, a corporation headquartered in State A, entered a franchise agreement with a corporation headquartered in State B, to operate a resta...
A franchisor, a corporation headquartered in State A, entered a franchise agreement with a corporation headquartered in State B, to operate a restaurant franchise there. Under the contract, the franchise relationship would be located in State A, and the franchisee was required to pay monthly fees to the franchisor in State A. The franchisor set the management policy for its franchisees and worked directly with them to solve major problems, both from its State A headquarters. When the State B franchise became unprofitable, the franchisor terminated it, but the franchisee continued to operate the restaurant. In State A’s state courts, the franchisor sued for breach of contract. The franchisee moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Do sufficient minimum contacts exist for the State A court to assert specific personal jurisdiction over the franchisee?95Under the Constitution, must transient jurisdiction generally satisfy the same requirements that apply to specific and general jurisdiction?
Under the Constitution, must transient jurisdiction generally satisfy the same requirements that apply to specific and general jurisdiction?96To establish personal jurisdiction if the plaintiff brings a type 2 quasi in rem action, is it constitutionally necessary to show that the defendan...
To establish personal jurisdiction if the plaintiff brings a type 2 quasi in rem action, is it constitutionally necessary to show that the defendant has minimum contacts with the forum state?97Under what circumstances does merely owning property in the forum state generally satisfy the minimum-contacts test for specific jurisdiction?
Under what circumstances does merely owning property in the forum state generally satisfy the minimum-contacts test for specific jurisdiction?98The director of a corporation owned 100 shares of company stock. Under the law of the state in which the company was incorporated, all shares of st...
The director of a corporation owned 100 shares of company stock. Under the law of the state in which the company was incorporated, all shares of stock issued by that state’s corporations were deemed to be physically located in the state. A shareholder in the corporation sued the director in state court, alleging a breach of fiduciary duties. In connection with the suit, the shareholder sought to attach the director’s 100 shares of stock. The shareholder argued that the court had quasi-in-rem jurisdiction to adjudicate the director’s interest in the shares, as the shares were deemed physically present in the state. The director countered (accurately) that he lacked any contacts with the state apart from owning the shares, and hence lacked sufficient contact with the state to establish specific or general personal jurisdiction. Does the court have quasi in rem jurisdiction?