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1What is the United States Constitution?
2What is judicial review?
3In which courts does Article III of the U.S. Constitution vest judicial power?
4Does the U.S. Constitution expressly reference any United States circuit and district courts?
5In general, can the U.S. Supreme Court review a decision by a state’s highest court involving a question of federal law?
6In general, can a state court hear and decide upon questions of federal law?
7Can a federal court enjoin ongoing state-court criminal proceedings?
8A woman was accused of a crime, and criminal proceedings began in state court. However, the woman filed a civil complaint in federal district court...
9Under what three circumstances can a federal court enjoin ongoing state-court civil proceedings?
10In the context of the federal judiciary, what is jurisdiction?
11Does Article III of the U.S. Constitution name cases arising under the Constitution, U.S. law, and treaties as within the scope of the judicial bra...
12What is original jurisdiction?
13What is appellate jurisdiction?
14Can Congress expand the original jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court?
15Can Congress prohibit the U.S. Supreme Court from reviewing decisions of the lower federal courts?
16What is the source of Congress’s power to expand or limit the U.S. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction?
17Congress enacted a law changing the size of the U.S. Supreme Court from nine justices to 11 justices. Under the new organization, the U.S. Supreme ...
18Do constitutional limits exist on Congress’s power to restrict the lower federal courts’ jurisdiction?
19Can Congress limit the scope of the lower federal courts’ jurisdiction to hear certain types of cases?
20Does Congress’s constitutional authority to create or abolish lower federal courts include the authority to reorganize the lower federal courts?
21Can Congress make state courts responsible for hearing claims brought under a federal statute?
22Can Congress give a non-Article III judge or tribunal the ability to exercise the final judicial power of the United States?
23What are the three types of cases and controversies that Congress can give exclusively to non-Article III tribunals to decide?
24Congress enacted a statute that allowed military veterans to sue the federal government over disputes involving their military pensions. The statut...
25Congress enacted a law stating that all cases involving military discipline would be tried before military tribunals and all ensuing appeals would ...
26Can Congress authorize the voluntary litigation of common-law claims before non-Article III tribunals?
27Can Congress withdraw jurisdiction over pending federal-court litigation to promote diplomatic or foreign-affairs objectives?
28May Congress use its constitutional power to regulate the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to dictate results or otherwise reopen final jud...
29The U.S. Supreme Court interpreted a securities-fraud statute as having a one-year time limit to file legal claims. To reject this interpretation, ...
30What is sovereign immunity?
31Which two types of governmental entities can invoke Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity?
32Federal law allowed a federal commission to adopt and enforce regulations that ensured reasonable access to ports used for interstate and internati...
33Does the Eleventh Amendment make a state official immune from claims for prospective injunctive relief in federal cases?
34Does the stripping doctrine allow a plaintiff to sue a state official to recover for damages from that state official’s personal assets?
35Generally, what type of relief can a civil plaintiff seek when suing a non-consenting state government defendant?
36Can Congress use its power to establish uniform bankruptcy laws to abrogate or eliminate state sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment?
37Can Congress abrogate or eliminate the states’ sovereign immunity to enforce the rights granted in § 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment?
38Can Congress abrogate or eliminate state sovereign immunity using its power to regulate the national economy under the Commerce Clause?
39Relying on the Copyright Clause, a power found in the original text of the U.S. Constitution, Congress enacted a law that authorized an award of mo...
40What two requirements must a claim meet to be justiciable?
41Must the requirements of both jurisdiction and justiciability be met before a federal court may conduct judicial review?
42What is an advisory opinion?
43What is standing?
44What is Article III, or constitutional, standing?
45What are the three elements of Article III standing needed to bring a case in federal court?
46For purposes of Article III standing, what is an injury-in-fact?
47The state legislature passed a bill that required all public-school teachers to lead their students in the Pledge of Allegiance. The governor consi...
48Will a generalized grievance suffice to show Article III standing?
49What must a plaintiff show to prove that an injury-in-fact was caused by the defendant for purposes of Article III standing?
50What does it mean for an injury-in-fact to be redressable by the courts, as required for Article III standing?
51Must a party have standing on appeal?
52What is ripeness?
53Congress appropriated, or allocated, certain funds to the state and local governments. Congress also enacted a bill permitting the president to tak...
54What is mootness?
55Generally, when does a plaintiff’s case become moot on standing grounds?
56If a defendant voluntarily ceases the challenged conduct at the basis of a plaintiff’s claim, is the claim moot?
57If a plaintiff can no longer be affected by a favorable court decision, is the plaintiff’s claim always moot?
58A state law required that a new resident live in the state for at least 90 days before registering to vote. Registration was required before anyone...
59If a representative plaintiff’s individual claim in a class action becomes moot, is the entire class action claim moot?
60Must a claim brought in federal court meet the requirements of standing, ripeness, and mootness to fulfill Article III’s case-or-controversy requir...
61What is prudential standing?
62What is third-party standing?
63When does an organization have standing to sue on behalf of its members?
64Can an individual ever have standing to sue on behalf of a third party?
65What is the zone-of-interests test?
66Must a claimant have both Article III standing and prudential standing to bring a claim in federal court?
67May Congress enact legislation to override federal courts’ refusal to hear certain types of cases based on lack of prudential standing?
68Does Congress have the constitutional authority to eliminate or alter the case-or-controversy limits on federal judicial review?
69Under the independent-and-adequate-state-law-grounds doctrine, what conditions must be met for a state-court judgment to be unreviewable by the U.S...
70When is a state ground adequate under the independent-and-adequate-state-law-grounds doctrine?
71When is a state ground independent under the independent-and-adequate-state-law-grounds doctrine?
72Under the independent-and-adequate-state-law-grounds doctrine, can the U.S. Supreme Court review state-court judgments that relied on both state an...
73A state supreme court issued a decision involving the freedom of speech. The decision discussed state and federal precedents interchangeably. The d...
74Under the independent-and-adequate-state-law-grounds doctrine, are state procedural rules considered a valid state-law basis that can be used to av...
75A state’s highest court holds that the police must have probable cause to stop and frisk a citizen for guns. The decision discussed both Fourth Ame...
76What is the political-question doctrine?
77Under the political-question doctrine, what are the five factors that indicate the presence of a non-justiciable political question?
78Which two of the factors a court considers in identifying whether a case involves a political question are usually dispositive?
79An executive branch official was concerned that the procedures used by the U.S. Senate to adjudicate articles of impeachment were unfair. The offic...
80A member of the House of Representatives (House) questioned whether a person elected to the House met the constitutional requirements for service. ...
81Congress authorized the use of military force to respond to a terrorist attack on the United States. After 15 years, the resolution remained in for...
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