I.    Bank Fraud

The bank-fraud statute forbids knowingly executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to:

·   defraud a financial institution, or

·   obtain property owned, controlled by, or within the custody of a financial institution by means of false or fraudulent pretenses.

The statute largely mirrors the mail- and wire-fraud statutes. In the bank-fraud context, courts define scheme to defraud on a case-by-case basis. The statute imposes a...