C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, New York

In 1989, the Town of Clarkstown, New York (plaintiff) entered into an agreement with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The agreement stated that Clarkstown would close its current landfill and hire a private contractor to build a new waste-processing facility. To help pay for the cost of the new facility, Clarkstown enacted a flow-control ordinance that required all solid waste to be processed at the new facility before leaving the municipality for a fee of $81 per ton of waste processed. The fee was paid to the contractor to offset the cost of building the facility. C & A Carbone (Carbone) (defendant) operated a competing waste-processing plant in Clarkstown. Although the flow-control ordinance allowed Carbone to continue operating, it required Carbone to ship all nonrecyclable waste to the Clarkstown facility and pay the $81 fee. In 1991, a tractor-trailer owned by Carbone crashed, and police discovered it was illegally transporting solid waste to an Indiana landfill to avoid paying the fee at the Clarkstown plant. The town sought an injunction requiring Carbone to ship its waste to the town facility. In state court Carbone then challenged the flow-control ordinance on the grounds that it violated the Commerce Clause. The court ruled in favor of Carbone and placed an injunction on enforcement of the ordinance. The New York Court of Appeals reversed and ruled in favor of Clarkstown. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari.