The City of Chicago (creditor) impounded vehicles if the owners failed to pay outstanding fines, including parking tickets and penalties for other minor vehicle-related offenses. For a vehicle to be released, the owner had to pay the fines plus impoundment costs. Roughly 9 percent of the city’s annual operating fund came from collection of these fines and penalties. In 2016, based on concerns that people were declaring bankruptcy to avoid financial liability for their impounded vehicles, the city amended its municipal code to impose a possessory lien on impounded vehicles for the full amount necessary to release the vehicle. The city thus began keeping chapter 13 debtors’ impounded vehicles until the debtors’ outstanding fines were paid in full. In 2017 and 2018, the city impounded vehicles owned by Robbin Fulton, Jason Howard, George Peake, and Timothy Shannon (debtors) for failure to pay traffic fines and parking tickets. Fulton, Howard, Peake, and Shannon later filed chapter 13 bankruptcy petitions. The city refused to release the impounded vehicles, claiming that the city was excepted from the Bankruptcy Code’s automatic stay of actions seeking collection of the debtor’s property. In each bankruptcy proceeding, the lower courts ordered the city to return the vehicles and imposed sanctions on the city for violating the automatic stay. The city appealed.